The Concept and Origin of the Assisted Suicide Movement

One of the most contentious issues in the entire field of healthcare and end-of-life care is the notion of assisted suicide, wherein the individual who wishes to end his or her own life is assisted by someone else, usually a physician. As Werner (2005, p. 135) notes, straightforward answers to the difficult questions concerning the issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide are not yet available, but one can at least have a more robust conception of the issues history, which in turn allows one to confront the contemporary discussion with greater insight. In the United States the topic rose to widespread prominence in the 1990s with the case of Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who helped over forty people commit suicide before being convicted of second-degree murder. However, the debate regarding assisted suicide has been raging since at least the beginning of the twentieth-century, when the odd confluence of concerned citizens and eugenics advocates began arguing for legalized assisted suicide. Th is origin has tended to taint the discussion regarding the practice, and by tracing the history of assisted suicide in the United States, it will be possible to understand how the contemporary discussions of the issue represent a kind of backlash against the admittedly cruel and inhumane Social Darwinism of the early twentieth century. Before investigating the origins of the assisted suicide movement in the early twentieth century, it will be useful to briefly define a couple importantShow MoreRelatedReligious Views On Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1528 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Kessler Professor Brislen GREL 101 15 November 2014 Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Throughout the millennia since the origin of man, technology has continuously evolved contributing to a longer life expectancy among humans. Now, even terminally ill patients can be kept alive by medications and machines. These life saving devices also carry the potential to kill a human with little effort or time. The debate has arisen as to whether people have the â€Å"right to die† or oftenRead MoreEthical Issues of Wrongful Conception2854 Words   |  11 Pageshad the right to be fully informed about the dangers of medications or treatments during pregnancy that might cause birth defects (Pozgar, p. 108). Yet as the Kansas Supreme Court has ruled, there can be no legal right not to be born or any legal concept of wrongful life, even in the case of children born with severe handicaps like Down syndrome. Similarly, the Supreme Court of Maryland ruled that an impaired life was not worse than nonlife and Down syndrome children and those with other disabilitiesRead MoreBiogr aphy Of Shirin Neshat, The Third Religious City Of Iran2984 Words   |  12 Pagesand social behavior, between the after revolution time, and what she could remember.† I had never been in a country that was so ideologically based† . She could remember that chador- a black veil that covers most of the body except the face- in a movement against the Shah’s dictatorship and the influences of the Western beauty industry, was adopted by educated feminists in the 1960s and 1970s, and now many women treated the chador as a captive uniform. Women of Allah (1993-97): Returning from aRead MoreCauses of the Six Day War4151 Words   |  17 PagesStructural Asymmetric Conflict. This conflict can be the origin of the conflict rests not in specific matters or issues that might split the gatherings, even though in the actual assembly of whom they are and the connection between them (Gallo amp; Marzano, 2009:43). Suicide Terror in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: On 16 April 1993, Tamam Nabulsi, a member of the Hamas organization (Islamic Resistance Movement) committed one of the suicide bombings by bombing his car up nearby an Israeli busRead MoreMedical Ethics And Ethics Regarding Medical Marijuana3080 Words   |  13 Pagesof Human Rights†, states that all human beings are born free and have equal dignity and rights, which on one hand is supported by medical professional’s â€Å"Declaration of Geneva† which states that not to treat patient differently based on ethnicity, origin, gender, race, social status, etc., But on the other hand opposes to doctor’s right to refuse to accept a patient, except in emergency. A physician can refuse to treat the patient if he is moving out of town, but he needs to make alternative arrangementsRead MoreModule Quizzes Essay14245 Words   |  57 Pagesresponsible for submitting an issue tracker immediately How many times can you take the emodules? Three times You have the option to do an extra credit assignment. Which of the following are required of the extra credit assignment? All of these (Concept Map diagram amp; explanation, Minimum 5 references, minimum 7 pages of test) You just took a Module Quiz 3 times and the last time you scored a 10 out 10. You are excited and want to see the impact in your gradebook immediately. You are flabbergastedRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 PagesReproduction – Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement – Organisms are capable of movement a. Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through environment E. Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction and movement. Refers to all chemical operations under way in the body. Define Anatomy and physiology, andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantationsRead MoreTerrorism in Southeast Asia17760 Words   |  72 Pagesrequire a coordinated, international response in a region where multinational institutions and cooperation are weak. 1 For the purposes of this report, Islamic refers to that which pertains to Islam in general while the term Islamist connotes a concept that advocates a more strict interpretation of Islam and a willingness to push a political and social agenda to implement Islamic law. Distinctions are also drawn between those radicals and extremists who would advocate an Islamist agenda throughRead MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 PagesPurpose of the study 11 1.4 Research questions 11 1.5 Definition of key terms 12 1.6 Acronyms: 12 1.7 Significance of the study 13 1.8 Limitations 14 1.9 Delimitations 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.0 INTRODUCTION 15 2.1 The origin of pastoral care 15 2.2 What is pastoral care? 16 2.3 Perceptions about implementation of PC in schools 17 2.3.1 International Perspectives 17 2.3.2 Different perspectives about benefits of PCP. 19 2.3. Challenges of implementing PCP 20 2

The Most Incredibly Ignored Answer for Topics for Five Paragraph Essay

The Most Incredibly Ignored Answer for Topics for Five Paragraph Essay In your case, you must find out beforehand what's an expository essay and other sort of papers. Some students use samples to help in developing an outline for their principal idea. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. The best thing of such a paper is that topic selection isn't limited and you're very flexible when picking a format and what things to write about. The Topics for Five Paragraph Essay Cover Up English language classes usually want a lot of writing. When you apply to colleges you have chosen, you're expected to compose an essay together with the application. If it comes to writing essays in college, most of us need somewhere to begin. A five-paragraph essay is regarded to be among the most common writing assignments at schools and colleges. The Fundamentals of Topics for Five Paragraph Essay Revealed No matter whether you would like to understand how to compose a three paragraph essay of 5 paragraph paper, an introduction stays the same. The introduction has become the most important paragraph because it gives direction for the full essay. Make certain that each sentence relates straight to the most important idea of the entire paragraph. If you own a point to make that's not directly joined to the topic sentence, it doesn't belong in the paragraph. The previous sentence ought to have an intriguing relation that causes the second paragraph. Ultimately, the previous sentence of the very first paragraph of this kind of essay would state the thesis the author is attempting to prove. The target audience for those resources of the website is grade five through early higher school. In the event you're a student, it is simple to derive a topic from what you'd love to communicate with your teacher or fellow classmates. Sample papers are excellent for helping students develop ideas. If you select an intriguing subject for your paper, then you will surely have a greater chance to be accepted at the college. If you wish to succeed, it's vital to be aware of the principal grading points for your five paragraph essay. It is essential to formulate thesis, the principal argument. There is a variety of of five paragraph essays, based on the most important goal and necessities of your tutor. It is a unique format in writing, but it also requires an outline. Therefore, the plan will help to concentrate on the essentials. Keep in mind that it's helpful to make an outline or graphic organizer to organize your ideas before you get started writing, particularly for a lengthier essay. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. The following advice will inform you how to compose an excellent 5-paragraph essay effortlessly. The essay is just one of the normal assignments utilised in the majority of exams like TOEFL, IELTS, and the SAT. If you know what things to expect and know how to compose a five paragraph essay, you're going to be ready to tackle any essay writing prompt. As you could have guessed, the five-paragraph essay needs to be composed of five parts. A great argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research in place of only on your ideas and feelings. You may write essays on a selection of topics, and you're able to start them in many unique ways. If you don't have an idea how a very good five-paragraph essay ought to be formatted, please have a peek at various examples posted online free of charge. Don't neglect to take notes each time you cite the sources. The easy point is that the additional food travels, the less fresh it is going to be. A Startling Fact about Topics for Five Paragraph Essay Uncovered Strictly speaking, there is absolutely no one correct m ethod to begin an essay. The point is you need to work hard on the precise sentence because each one is below the spotlight. Should you wish, highlight the crucial words and phrases in the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to be sure you adhere to the topic. The next sentence ought to have the subjectyou are writing about, which is the reason you should formulate it in such a way as to stop the audience from understanding everything at the same time. The Debate Over Topics for Five Paragraph Essay The Thesis Statement is the principal idea of the whole essay. If you're writing on a topic that you're not conversant with, your essay might have a different direction. You will have to develop a great argument, which encompasses not just your primary point, but also all the pieces which make this up. At some time, you're likely to be requested to compose an argumentative essay. Each major idea ought to be expressed with the topic sentence of each body paragraph below the title of each paragraph of the human body section. The toughest step is to pick the topic and sort of essay at the very start.

Media and Sports Organization Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Media and Sports Organization. Answer: Many people all around the world often take sports as a profession. The media has a key role to play in promoting such sportsman (Levermore Moore, 2015). Moreover, if a sportsman is a newcomer or a sports organization is a newly formed one, then the support of the media is inevitable (Shank Lyberger, 2014). However, with the increase of the interference of the media on the sports organization, the effects on the athletes are often adverse (Bennett, 2014). It has been seen that the strong influence that the media has on the sports organizations often results in detrimental effects on the interest of the athletes (Martin, Ewing Gould, 2014). This assignment provides a strong argument for the notion that the powers, that the media has on the sports organizations are detrimental to the interest of the athletes. It is true, that media is powerful and has a significant role to play in the lives of a sportsman as well as on the sports organizations. The role of media is important in promoting the sports organizations as well as the athletes. The media highlights the achievement of the sportsman and makes him/her famous overnight (Harris et al., 2015). Without the promotional activities of the media, the success of many sports organizations or athletes would remain unrecognized. It is essential that the success story of a sportsman is published and promoted, in order to highlight his achievements, along with acting as a motivation of other potential sportsman (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). The media indeed has the power to glorify the success of an athlete and ensure that he becomes a role model for other, aspiring to reach the heights of success. However, it has often been seen that the media interferes more than the power given to the media, to interfere in the lives of the sportsman as well as in the sports organizations (Levermore Moore, 2015). The media personnel often considers themselves in a decision making position for an athlete or a sports organization (Bennett, 2014). This is a misconception. The role of media is to ensure that the decisions being made by a sports organization is promoted and published to the people all over the world, in order to spread the information. However, the media and the media personnel, often tend to cross the boundary of their interference, thus resulting in detrimental effects on the athletes (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). For a good performance of an athlete, it is essential that she/he is in a good and peaceful mental condition. It has been proven that the athletic performance is significantly dependent on the mental state of the sportsman, along with the skills that he/she has acquired (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). Anxiety and mental disturbances, acts as a distraction and hence deteriorates the performances of the athlete. Mental peace is essential for the power of concentration of an athlete (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). With the power of concentration, the athlete is able to focus on the sports event, ignoring the physical pain that he might be going through. However, the interference of the media results in adverse effects on the sportsman (Harris et al., 2015). It is true that the role of the media is essential for the promotion of a sports organization as well as the athletes, yet interference, more than the scope of the media is harmful (Martin, Ewing Gould, 2014). Each sports organization has a specific way of working, with a strong governing body and able board members. The decision making power is retained by the board members and they ensure that the most appropriate decision that is best for the athletes are taken by the board members (Crompton, 2015). However, it has often been seen that the critical decisions such as the training sessions, or the dress code, or the selection of the final team for a national on international sports event is often influenced by the media (Levermore Moore, 2015). The media, out of the scope of interference, influences the decisions of the media (Bennett, 2014). If the off-screen relation between a sportsman and influential media personnel is positive and friendly, the media ensures that he is chosen in the team that will play a national or international match (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). However, the preparation and skills of the person might not be up to the mark to play a national on international m atch (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). Thus, it often happens that an eligible athlete is often replaced by an un-deserving candidate, due to the influence of media on the sports organization and the decision making process of the board of management (Kwak, Kwon Lim, 2015). The detrimental effects that are seen as a result of this partiality includes lack of motivation of the deserving sportsman, along with the decline in the standard and skills that are required to play a national-level or international game (Harris et al., 2015). With the selection of the undeserving candidate, the deserving candidates fall a prey of the negative effects of the media and thus hampers the career of the athlete (Martin, Ewing Gould, 2014). Since, media is powerful hence; the career of the athlete, whose relation with media is not good, might be hampered, even if they have the adequate skills of becoming successful (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). One of the examples that the world of sports had witnessed is the case of Miki Ando, a two-time Japanese national staking champion, in 2004 junior world championship (Snyder et al., 2015). She became the first female skater to successfully complete quadruple jump in competition (Levermore Moore, 2015). She soon became a new face in the media as her success was of grand stature. She became a topic of gossip in the Japanese media and magazines (Crompton, 2015). However, the success of Miki Ando was soon over-shadowed by the attire she wore in the national games (Martin, Ewing Gould, 2014). Thus, the positive media coverage was soon turned into negative criticism, thus hampering the performance of the young athlete, in the upcoming games (Kwak, Kwon Lim, 2015). The media coverage was so influential and had such a negative effect on the athlete, that the Japanese Skating Federation (JSF) send a formal written request to the media that they should refrain from coverage of the young ath lete (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). Moreover, this negative publicity of the media about the dress she wore over-shadowed her performances and had detrimental effects on her career and preparation of upcoming sports events (Bennett, 2014). Thus, the detrimental effect on the athlete hampered the career and performances (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). After the 2006 Torino Olympics, Ando failed to perform well (Martin, Ewing Gould, 2014). She was given the 8th position in the women figure skating and the 15th position in the freestyle competition. Many of the experts are of the opinion that this performance was because of the criticism, that the young professional faced, along with the negative publicity of the media (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). However, JSF is not the only sports organizations who are concerned with the negative effects of media in the Olympics. The Canadian Olympic Committee (2006) , was also another sports organization, concerned with the negative effects of the media (Grohs, Reisinger Woisetschlger, 2015). This highlighted the facts that the media has indeed overstepped and interfered in the contexts that are solely the decisions of the sports organizations and the athletes (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). However, the media personnel are of the opinion that they are focussed on highlighting the good performances of the athletes, and does not interfere in the decision making process of the sports organizations (Crompton, 2015). Moreover, they also highlighted the facts that they have never interfered in the areas that are concerned with the sports organizations (Levermore Moore, 2015). However, the reality is somewhat different from that mentioned by the media personnel (Harris et al., 2015). Another co ncern that is seen in the athletes is the prediction that the media makes, about the winning or losing of a particular athlete. One example that is seen in this context is described below (Kwak, Kwon Lim, 2015). After the first gold medal was won by China in 2004, in the Olympic Games, an unexpected won made the media forecast for the win in the future games. The Chinese newspaper, started prediction that their athletes would win the gold medals in the upcoming games (Grohs, Reisinger Woisetschlger, 2015). However, this had an adverse effect on the mental peace of the athletes, as it created an additional pressure on the them, to fulfil the expectations of the nation (Momaya, Fawal Estes, 2015). However, unlike the predications, the Chinese athletes did not even make it up to the award stand, thus failing to fulfil the expectations of the nation (Kwak, Kwon Lim, 2015). Following this event, the Chinese media were of the opinion that the athletes themselves were over-hyped with t he winning if the gold medal and their over-confidence doomed the chances of winning the gold in the future games (Snyder et al., 2015). Thus, the media created an immense pressure on the athletes and blamed them for unable to take up the pressures. Following these incidents, the role of the media was questioned. Since the media should be dedicated to promote and support the athletes and ensure that, they are successful in the upcoming games (Grohs, Reisinger Woisetschlger, 2015). However, the role that media plays is creating immense pressure on the athletes, along with accusing them unnecessarily. The role of media also includes the social media (Kwak, Kwon Lim, 2015). The social media should be a catalyst for the assurance of the high performances of the athletes and should not act in a way that makes it difficult for the sportsman to achieve success (Prayag et al., 2013). Moreover, teams in a group sports is common (Crompton, 2015). Each team has various supporters. However, the aggressive portrayal of the media creates rivalry among the teams. Moreover, the media promotes aggression among the supporters of the teams, thus creating pressure on the sportsmen (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). Thus, along with an additional p ressure created, the media also encourages on/off field display of those aggression (Levermore Moore, 2015). Thus, instead of supporting the athletes, the interference of the media makes things adverse for the athletes, having detrimental effects on the career (Snyder et al., 2015). Another dilemma that is created due to the interference of the media on the athletes, is on the spot decision making (Grohs, Reisinger Woisetschlger, 2015). It is often difficult for the athlete to decide on whether to correct the play as instructed by the coach, or ensure that the image in the media is preserved. It is ethical to ensure that the athlete follows the instructions that are being mentioned by the coach (Doyle, Pentecost Funk, 2014). However, since the athletes fear that their media image might be hampered, they focus on retaining their image as a celebrity, rather than an athlete. Thus, the quality of the play is degraded. For example, in basketball matches it is often seen that the defender often moves out of the way instead of jumping to defend the basket being made (Crompton, 2015). Defending the ball would have been the ethical way of playing and following the true sportsman spirit (Ganesan, Sridhar, Ahmed, 2015). However, the basketball players often give priori ty to their media image, thus hampering the quality and ethical norms of play. Along with on-field pressure, the media also impose off-field pressure. This includes the negative publicity of the athlete and critics in the various media, thus affecting the career of the athlete. Moreover, the aggressions displayed by the fans are often triggered by the negative publicity of the media (Harris et al., 2015). This also has a detrimental effect of the career of the athletes and they fear that their career might be doomed, due to the negative publicity of the media. Thus, the powers of media on the sports organizations have a detrimental effect on the athletes. References Bennett III, R. A. (2014). Sports Fans 2.0: How Fans Are Using Social Media to Get Closer to the Game by David M. Sutera.Journal of Sport History,41(2), 369-370. Crompton, J. L. (2015). Potential negative outcomes from sports sponsorship.International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship,16(3), 20-34. Doyle, J. P., Pentecost, R. D., Funk, D. C. (2014). The effect of familiarity on associated sponsor and event brand attitudes following negative celebrity endorser publicity.Sport Management Review,17(3), 310-323. Ganesan, P., Sridhar, M., Ahmed, K. (2015). Effect Of Negative Publicity And Fans Response On Affinity, Trust And Loyalty--An Experimental Study Related To Ipl-T20 Cricket Team.Global Management Review,10(1). Grohs, R., Reisinger, H., Woisetschlger, D. M. (2015). Attenuation of negative sponsorship effects in the context of rival sports teams fans.European Journal of Marketing,49(11/12), 1880-1901. Harris, A., Gundersen, H., Mrk-Andreassen, P., Thun, E., Bjorvatn, B., Pallesen, S. (2015). Restricted use of electronic media, sleep, performance, and mood in high school athletesa randomized trial.Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep Foundation,1(4), 314-321. Kwak, D. H., Kwon, Y., Lim, C. (2015). Licensing a sports brand: effects of team brand cue, identification, and performance priming on multidimensional values and purchase intentions.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(3), 198-210. Levermore, R., Moore, N. (2015). The need to apply new theories to Sport CSR.Corporate Governance,15(2), 249-253. Martin, E. M., Ewing, M. E., Gould, D. (2014). Social agents influence on self-perceived good and bad behavior of American youth involved in sport: Developmental level, gender, and competitive level effects.The Sport Psychologist,28(2), 111-123. Mathewson, K. (2017).A Rhetorical Analysis Of The Representation Of Student-Athletes In Visual Media(Doctoral dissertation, Appalachian State University). Momaya, A., Fawal, M., Estes, R. (2015). Performance-enhancing substances in sports: a review of the literature.Sports Medicine,45(4), 517-531. Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., Alders, T. (2013). London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect of overall attitude.Tourism Management,36, 629-640. Shank, M. D., Lyberger, M. R. (2014).Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge. Snyder, P., Matsumoto, A. M., Fricker, P., Martin, K. A. (2015). Use of androgens and other hormones by athletes.

John Smith Essays (413 words) - Application Software, Computing

John Smith History LITTLE BIG HISTORY ASSIGNMENT Assignment summary Write your own little big history (in Dutch or English): Select a subject or object that you really like. Find one connection between your choice and a topic discussed in each class mentioned in the assignment form. Elaborate the three most intriguing connections that you have found between your choice and big history: one connection must come from the history of the non-living world, one from the history of life, and one from human history. Combine these three elaborations into one single story, discussing the possible links between the three connections that you have found. Goals of the assignment The little big history assignment has several goals. First of all, and most importantly, by linking your subject or object to all of big history, it becomes clear that all its phases can be found in your choice. This enriches your understanding of it, because it is examined from multiple, interdisciplinary, perspectives. Secondly, the assignment encourages you to come up with new, unusual, ideas. It has long been argued that "all decisive advances in the history of scientific thought can be described in terms of mental cross-fertilization between different disciplines."1 The discovery of the planets' movements and the structure of DNA can serve as examples. The astronomer Johannes Keppler allegedly came up with his laws of planetary motion by picturing the Sun, the stars and the dark space in-between them as the Father, Son and the Holy Ghost. And Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, reported he first came up with the double helix model of DNA after thinking about reproducing sculptures with the aid of plaster molds.2 Big history provides a platform that enables you to think out of the box' along similar lines; it enables you to connect things to all different disciplines and allows new ideas to emerge from these links. In other words, the little big history assignment challenges you to take advantage of the big history platform and come up with creative, new, ideas. Thirdly, it helps to bring to life more abstract concepts presented in the course by linking them to a subject or object that is important to you personally. Assignment in more detail Select a subject or object that you really like. You can pick anything that you like. For instance, you can pick subjects like why people wage wars,' or why people developed democracies,' or objects like your smartphone or house.

Baby Talk Essays

Baby Talk Essays Baby Talk Essay Baby Talk Essay believes that baby talk is good for infants. She states that infants respond to the facial expressions, can differentiate between sounds better, and have enough to process already so baby talk is the best thing for them in the first few months of infants lives. Dry. Golfing stresses that talking baby talk to your children, right after birth through the first few months of their life, is DOD for the child because the child will respond better to the baby talk. Parents will open their eyes and over accentuate their mouth which will get the child interested. Researchers have also found that baby talk can help infants differentiate between sounds. While talking directly to the infant a parent will use a higher pitched voice. On the other hand, if the infant is in the room while the parents are talking to each other, they will probably be talking in a lower, more natural tone and the infant will be able to tell the difference between those. When baby talk is used by a parent, mailer words are usually spoken to the infant. IOW are such a pretty baby, is a common phrase that parents say to their children. This phrase is made up of smaller words, that arent too complex. Dry. T. Berry Beaverton believes that it is easier for infants to understand baby talk. Using less complex words and phrases makes it easier for the infant to process the information. At this stage in an infants life, everything is new. Adding complex words and phrases makes it ha rder for the child to understand and process what you are trying to tell them, because they are also ring to process everything else that is going on around them. A question of concern from a soon-to-be new parent sent in to this company about this article was, If you talk to your children with baby talk, wont they grow up talking like babies? Dry. Golfing believes that this will not happen. She responded with, Baby talk naturally stops as the child gets older and is able to better communicate with the parent, she explains. You Just naturally adjust. At age three, youre not doing it. This question is a big concern for new parents. They do not know if they should be talking to their new born babies this way because they do not want their children growing up and becoming illiterate. In the article, the author relies on the research done on the subject, and keeps her own personal biases out of the article. I think this makes the article better than if she would have included her personal bias. I think that she does this so that the article is strictly based on research. I believe she wanted to get the facts across and not Just what different people think about the subject. I also think he uses strictly research because as I mentioned before, this is a topic many parents are interested in. It is good for parents to know that it has been proven that using baby talk is good for your child. While I dont think this is a big controversial topic that every parent brings up, I do think it is a good fact for parents to know. With so many peoples opinions coming out about how using baby talk to your infant makes them illiterate, it is beneficial for a parent to know it is actually healthy for their child to be talked to in that way. It is also important for parents to know that not using

Ancient Olmec Culture

Ancient Olmec Culture The Olmec culture thrived along Mexico’s Gulf Coast from approximately 1200-400 B.C. The first great Mesoamerican culture, it had been in decline for centuries before the arrival of the first Europeans, therefore, much information about the Olmecs has been lost. We know the Olmecs primarily through their art, sculpture, and architecture. Although many mysteries remain, ongoing work by archaeologists, anthropologists, and other researchers has given us something of a glimpse into what Olmec life might have been like. Olmec Food, Crops, and Diet The Olmecs practiced basic agriculture using the slash-and-burn technique, in which overgrown plots of land are burned: this clears them for planting and the ashes act as fertilizer. They planted many of the same crops seen in the region today, such as squash, beans, manioc, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes. Maize was a staple of the Olmec diet, although it is possible that it was introduced late in the development of their culture. Whenever it was introduced, it soon became very important: one of the Olmec Gods is associated with maize. The Olmecs avidly fished from nearby lakes and rivers. Clams, alligators, and various types of fish were an important part of their diet. The Olmecs preferred to make settlements near water, as the floodplains were good for agriculture and fish and shellfish could be had more easily. For meat, they had domestic dogs and the occasional deer. A vital part of the Olmec diet was nixtamal, a special sort of corn meal ground with seashells, lime or ashes, the addition of which greatly enhances the nutritional value of the cornmeal. Olmec Tools In spite of only having Stone Age technology, the Olmecs were able to make several sorts of tools which made their life easier. They used whatever was at hand, such as clay, stone, bone, wood or deer antlers. They were skilled at making ​pottery: vessels and plates used for storing and cooking food. Clay pots and vessels were extremely common among the Olmec: literally, millions of potsherds have been discovered in and around Olmec sites. Tools were mostly made of stone and include basic items such as hammers, wedges, mortar-and-pestles and mano-and-metate grinders used for mashing corn and other grains. Obsidian was not native to the Olmec lands, but when it could be had, it made excellent knives. Olmec Homes The Olmec culture is remembered today in part because it was the first Mesoamerican culture to produce small cities, most notably San Lorenzo and La Venta (their original names are unknown). These cities, which have been extensively investigated by archaeologists, were indeed impressive centers for politics, religion, and culture, but most ordinary Olmecs did not live in them. Most common Olmecs were simple farmers and fishermen who lived in family groups or small villages. Olmec homes were simple affairs: generally, one large building made of earth packed around poles, which served as a sleeping area, dining room, and shelter. Most homes probably had a small garden of herbs and basic foods. Because the Olmecs preferred to live in or near flood plains, they built their homes on small mounds or platforms. They dug holes in their floors to store food. Olmec Towns and Villages Excavations show that smaller villages consisted of a handful of homes, most likely inhabited by family groups. Fruit trees such as zapote or papaya were common in villages. Larger excavated villages often have a central mound of greater size: this would be where the home of a prominent family or local chieftain was built, or perhaps a small shrine to a god whose name is now long-forgotten. The status of the families that made up the village could be discerned by the how far they lived from this town center. In larger towns, more remains of animals such as dog, alligator, and deer have been found than in smaller villages, suggesting that these foods were reserved for local elites. Olmec Religion and Gods The Olmec people had a well-developed religion. According to archaeologist Richard Diehl, there are five aspects of Olmec religion, including a well-defined cosmos, a shaman class, sacred places and sites, identifiable gods and specific rituals and ceremonies. Peter Joralemon, who has studied the Olmecs for years, has identified no fewer than eight gods from surviving Olmec art. Common Olmecs who worked the fields and caught fish in the rivers probably only participated in religious practices as observers, because there was an active priest class and the rulers and ruling family most likely had specific and important religious duties. Many of the Olmec gods, such as the Rain God and Feathered Serpent, would go on to form part of the pantheon of later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya. The Olmec also played the ritualistic Mesoamerican ball game. Olmec Art Most of what we know about the Olmec today is due to surviving examples of Olmec art. The most easily recognizable pieces are the massive colossal heads, some of which are nearly ten feet tall. Other forms of Olmec art that have survived include statues, figurines, celts, thrones, wooden busts and cave paintings. The Olmec cities of San Lorenzo and La Venta most likely had an artisan class who worked on these sculptures. Common Olmecs likely produced only useful art such as pottery vessels. Thats not to say that the Olmec artistic output did not affect the common people, however: the boulders used to make the colossal heads and thrones were quarried many miles from the workshops, meaning that thousands of commoners would be pressed into service to move the stones on sledges, rafts, and rollers to where they were needed. Importance of Olmec Culture Understanding the Olmec culture is very important to modern-day researchers and archaeologists. First of all, the Olmec was the mother culture of Mesoamerica, and many aspects of Olmec culture, such as gods, glyphic writing, and artistic forms, became part of later civilizations such as the Maya and Aztecs. Even more importantly, the Olmec were one of only six primary or pristine civilizations in the world, the others being ancient China, Egypt, Sumeria, the Indus of India and the Chavin culture of Peru. Pristine civilizations are those that developed somewhere without any significant influence from previous civilizations. These primary civilizations were forced to develop on their own, and how they developed teaches us a lot about our distant ancestors. Not only are the Olmecs a pristine civilization, they were the only ones to develop in a humid forest environment, making them a special case indeed. The Olmec civilization had gone into decline by 400 B.C. and historians arent exactly sure why. Their decline probably had much to do with wars and climate change. After the Olmec, several clearly post-Olmec societies developed in the Veracruz region. There is much that is still unknown about the Olmecs, including some very important, basic things such as what they called themselves (Olmec is an Aztec word applied to sixteenth-century dwellers in the region). Dedicated researchers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is known about this mysterious ancient culture, bringing new facts to light and correcting errors previously made. Sources Coe, Michael D. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. Ancient Peoples and Places, Rex Koontz, 7th Edition, Thames Hudson, June 14, 2013. Cyphers, Ann. Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees Assignment

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees - Assignment Example Parents without adopted children think adoption is a simple process whereby the adopted child has only to seek truth about his or her true parentage. This is not the correct because the child experiences other emotional and psychological effects. In this article, the author outlines common feelings adopted kids have. They feelings include a sense of loss and grief over real parentage, lack of control over life, curiosity about family heritage, feels abandoned, guilt, and fear of rejection. In addition, the writer mentions that the adopted children thinks about how life would have been with the birth parents, feels angered by real parent or adoptive ones and feels unworthy of love and fear getting emotionally involved with other people. However, due to the difference in the adoption situation, some children do not experience the feelings since they are at peace with the adoptive parents. They are exceptional. Despite this, parents should work hard to help children learn and cope with the emotions accompanying adoption

Talent leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talent leadership - Essay Example gh performance talent leadership is attained by using the critical roles in talent leadership aiming at success, and in this part experience matters a lot. Members are skilled with the following attributes; good relations with other team members, able to compel clear vision and goals well coordinated roles and relationship, with good accountability. The team tends to have a positive atmosphere, effective methods of communications, good in making the decision, and leaders participate fully. The graph below represents the leadership performance on the y-axis and the leadership potential on the x-axis. Combination of both axis helps in explaining the high performance in an organization when following the leadership talents to maintain his performance. High performance model in an organization is talent leadership. They are much effective where the members have a set goal and knowing their purpose. Leadership talents form the basis of the high performance in an organization or a business . On the other hand, experience contributes a lot in maintaining the performance. In this model, it is a proper to state that, the level of talent leadership in the organization is high, and skills to this are also highly considered since the organization need to prosper and maintain the highest performance from its competitors. In my model, there are more skilled executives from the lower grounds as compared to other models. For instance, a model may only consider Performance of talent leadership in high levels and put less regard on the lower part of it.

Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Maya Angelou Essay As a woman you are created with a special gift, it’s like little extra ingredients that all women have within them. The poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou, she speaks about the elegance of a woman, her inner being the way she glow without saying a word Maya expressed how men are amazed by her presence â€Å"men themselves have wondered what they see in me† (line 31-32). It’s hard to put your finger on it all women were born with the power. In the poem â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou she described the struggles of life trials and tribulations you face in society and the way people may judge you. As if she was writing about a woman â€Å"does my sassiness upset you? †She also wrote in another stanza â€Å"does my sexiness upset you? †She used this comparison to show she is a sexy woman who demands respect. Maya’s attitude in this poem is portraying a confident black African American woman. She is really laughing at men challenging them. They cannot stop her from rising above all expectation. This poem gives you not only inspiration encouragement to be fearless; to the end of it all you must believe you still rise above it all. The title gives a sense of entity and power. This masterpiece the poem â€Å"phenomenal woman† has also empowered women to get more in touch with their inner beauty. Maya describes in great detail the mystery of women and the behavior of men and their reaction. It shows women to not only love your-self but to embrace every aspect of your mind, body and soul. Maya show that sexuality isn’t only related to outer beauty, or by the way you dress it more about how you feel within your own skin . she shows you instead of hating your body love it from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet. In society today women enhances their body by doing plastic surgery to feel accepted. She feels inferior clearly stating that every part of a woman is beauty. In comparisons to â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I Rise† both poems Maya speaks about not bowing to the â€Å"oppressor†. You can feel her compassion in every word in Phenomenal Woman â€Å"now you understand why my head’s not bowed† (lines 47). Still I Rise forth stanza â€Å"with head bowed and eyes lowered? †Within these lines she stresses that she will not conform to what society made her out to be, that she will soar above and beyond everyone expectations. The little gives a sense of entity and power. In conclusion these two poems have few similarities; Maya characterized the strength of an African American woman. By using powerful words she described the emotional aspect of inner beauty, standing proud professing no one will ever bring her down not by the color of her skin nor the fact of being a woman that there’s more within.

Nudity and Sex in Advertising :: Advertising Advertisements Media Essays

Nudity and Sex in Advertising I have chosen to research and write about the controversy of nudity and sex in advertising in the United States of America. Many people oppose advertising that uses sex and nudity to sell products, while others believe that there is nothing wrong with sex or nudity displayed in adverting. For my final research paper I have chosen to argue with the side that believes it is okay to advertise usually nudity and sex. Countries in Europe use full frontal nudity and sex to sell products all the time and not as many people are offended by the advertisements compared to people in America. I will be discussing why Americans view these advertisements different than Europeans and why with out these advertisements they are making the situation worse. The topic of nudity and sex in advertising is important to all television viewers because if nudity and sex are banned from advertising, what will be banned next. Any thing could be banned with the support of a enough people, so we have to draw a line somewhere. I believe that hopefully my research and conclusions will help change the minds of at least a few people and maybe even start a revolution to allow nudity and sex in advertising. Maybe no one will read my paper or change there minds about the topic, but at least I can say that I tried and gave it my best. I hope though to become more knowledgeable about the topic for later encounters with this controversy. Virgin Mobile has decided to move away from nudity in their campaigns and move more to conservative advertisements. They believe that the change will indeed change them from â€Å"sinners to saints.† Their old ads had nude women wearing only a clear cell phone box where now the ads will contain teenagers talking to religious figures such as priests, monks, and rabbis. They decided to make the change with all the pressure advertising and the media has been getting from showing sex and nudity. I will be using this article in my paper that condemns using nudity and sex in advertising and the media. It will help me show even companies are actually listening to their viewers and in the end changing their advertisements. Word count: 123 Cuneo, Alice Z.

Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Essay

The two schools I shall be discussing are Parkstone Grammar School, and Canford Heath Infant School. I have chosen these schools, as they are very different, not only in their age ranges but also in the processes in which they admit their students. Parkstone Grammar School is a selective all girls academy school in Poole, Dorset. (Academy meaning â€Å"a school directly funded by the governments Department of Education, but independent of local government control.† â€Å"An academy may receive additional support from personal or corporate sponsors, but must meet the same National Curriculum core subject requirements as other state schools and be subject to inspection by Ofsted.† Source Wikipedia) The school provides for girls aged between 11 and 18, teaching key stages 3, 4 and 5. The selection process to determine which girls will be eligible to be considered for an admission place is formatted by means of three exams, one verbal reasoning and two non-verbal reasoning. The girls who meet the appropriate level of ability in these tests can then apply for a place at the school via the local borough. The places are then considered and decided by the schools Governors’ Admissions panel following the criteria shown below. a)Eligible girls who are classed as â€Å"looked after† or have previously been â€Å"looked after†. b)Eligible girls who live within the Borough of Poole. c)Eligible girls who live outside the Borough of Poole, in rank order of the entrance test scores, with those girls obtaining highest scores given higher priority. Parkstone Grammar School has a substantial governing body who describe their role as â€Å"A critical friend† to the school. The governing body, or school governors are responsible for the admissions to the school, as previously mentioned and the recruitment of staff. They also have control over the school funds in order to ensure the teachers and students have the resources they require. Parkstone Grammar School receives most of its funding from the local  authority, receiving  £15464 for 2011-2012. This money is then used to support learning in numerous ways, such as, curriculum support, work experience and SEN. The school also receives The school also receives funding from local companies who sponsor and support the school by providing equipment and help fund building projects such as a new sports hall, for example. In contrast to the Grammar school, Canford Heath Infant School is a state run primary school, providing education for ages 4-7, which covers the Early Years Foundation Stages (EYFS) and Key Stage 1 and 2. The admissions policy is very different to the Grammar, all admissions for the infant school are organised by Poole Borough. Poole admissions conduct and equal preference admissions system, where parents select 3 choices which are considered together, but the highest ranked preference is offered subject to availability. Similarly to the Grammar school though the admissions consider the following criteria when the school is over-subscribed. a)A child in care or who was previously a child in care. b) Pupils who live within the schools catchment area. c)Pupils who live outside the catchment area in the following order 1)Pupils who have sibling who’s already enrolled in the school 2)Pupils who have a significant medical or psychological condition 3)All other pupils As with the Grammar school, Canford Heath Infant School has a governing body which has certain legal duties and responsibilities to ensure that the school provides the correct services to parents and the children attending the school. Canford Heath Infant School governing body consists of five types of governor. 1)LEA – Appointed by the local authority 2)Parent – Elected by parents 3)Community Governor – Elected by the governing body 4)Staff governor – elected by the staff 5)Associate governor – elected by the governing body As with the Grammar school funding is a vital necessity. Canford Heath Infant School is mainly funded the local authority but also has a parent support group who work with the school to provide extra funds for school trips, discos, book bags and library books. Although these schools are very different in their admission procedures and the age of children attending, both schools follow similar structural criteria. For admissions, funding and academic, most importantly both have governing bodies that support the whole school and provide essential guidance, advice and ensuring schools provide equality of opportunity for everyone, by setting values, aims and objectives, agreeing school improvement strategy’s, which involves approving budgets and agreeing staffing. So therefore, in conclusion, despite the differences these schools are effectively run in the same manner, with the same goals and objectives.

General Giap Essay

General Vo Nguyen Giap is perhaps the most important figure in the early history of communist Vietnam with the exception of Ho Chi Minh. General Giap’s skills and expertise of were an essential element of the French defeat in 1954. However General Giap cannot be held solely responsible, the political skills of Ho Chi Minh (the leader of the Viet Minh independence movement) cannot be underestimated. There were many reasons for the French defeat in Vietnam, abundant mistakes were made and the Viet Minh were lead by two of the greatest leaders of the 20th century. Giap rchestrated the defeat of the French and was particularly important in the battle of Dien Bien Phu. Ho Chi Minh was an experienced revolutionary and passionate nationalist infatuated by a single goal: independence for his country. He was a central fgure in the movement to free Asia from the restraints of colonialism. Ho Chi Minh was ultimately working towards the liberation of Vietnam from French colonial rule and â€Å"unity of views between the army and the people†. Ho Chi Minh was a founding member of the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP). The goals of the ICP included the overthrow of the French; establishment of an independent Vietnam uled by a peoples’ government; â€Å"help people in production, anti-literacy, sanitation and disease prevention†. General Giap was the Commander and Defence Minister of North Vietnam from 1944-1980 and was an integral component in the unravelling of French control in Vietnam. Previously, on the outbreak of World War II, Giap fled to China to Join Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh, which led to the formation of the Vietnamese Independence League, abbreviated to Viet Minh. In 1945, armed propaganda teams under Giap’s command became the People’s Liberation Army. Subsequently in 1945, Giap served as interior minister in Ho Chi Minh’s revolutionary government created to defeat the French. Giap’s strength lay as a military commander and his scrupulous attention to organisation, which were vital elements in the French downfall. The Vietnamese opposition to the French began almost as soon as the French began to rule. The Vietnamese traditionally have resisted foreigners. Their defeat of China previously gave them a reputation of being one of the most feared nations in South East Asia, meaning that it took the French an extended amount of time to gain overall control. Prior to the 20th century, resistance to the French was constant and violent. The resistance was traditional and localised, involving isolated attacks which were easily contained by the French. Furthermore, World War One gave impetus and momentum to the growth of nationalism, the strong wish for growth, freedom and independence of one’s country and patriotism for Vietnam. Many Vietnamese men were forced to serve in France during WW1 and those who returned brought with them the revolutionary concept of nationalism and as a result the nature of the resistance changed to a more national approach rather than regionally focussed. Additionally, in 1905, Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to efeat a European power during a large naval battle. The Vietnamese determination and motivation were boosted, demonstrating that they could potentially defeat the French, one ot the most intluential European powers at the time. Following the reoccupation of Indochina by the French at the end of World War Two, the Viet Minh rebelled against the French and this became known as the first Indochinese war. French lack of knowledge of Vietnamese geography made it difficult for them to defend themselves. â€Å"The army trained the people in†¦ † guerrilla tactics that were highly successful as they were unlike any approach in the Western world. The unpredictable nature of the guerrilla tactics also minimised the losses of the Viet Minh’s army, making it stronger. The French army began to wear down, decreasing the men’s morale and eventually leading to an easier fght for the Viet Minh. Initially the French underestimated Vietnamese ability; unbeknown to the French they were numerically disadvantaged with 13000 Frenchmen fghting a 35000 strong Viet Minh People’s Army. Prior to the war it was acknowledged that Ho Chi Minh’s original name, Nguyen Tat Thanh, was widely known as many people had heard that he had been a ajor supporter of peasants and workers rights, who in turn supported him. This meant that if he needed a place to hide, the local peasants happily helped, making the Viet Minh virtually untraceable. The widespread support of Ho Chi Minh also meant that people trusted the movement towards independence and nationalism; giving the Viet Minh the political edge over the French. Back in France, the French public were beginning to realise that the conflict in Vietnam was not worth the effort; therefore support for the conflict was lessening. In addition, the Vietnamese determination and strength could not be matched by the French; the Viet Minh had ne thing that the French did not, a goal. The Viet Minh and Giap had learnt invaluable lessons from previous conflicts and mistakes, whereas the French had not. Dien Bien Phu was the longest confrontation and most furious battle of the French Expeditionary Corps. It was the final undoing of the French. In 1953, as both sides prepared for peace talks in the Indochina War, French military commanders selected Dien Bien Phu as the location for a fght with the Viet Minh. Viet Minh guerrillas and troops from the People’s Army of Vietnam surrounded Dien Bien Phu during the build up of the garrisons. The Viet Minh concealed artillery and supplies in camouflaged caves on the mountain face. The Viet Minh’s initial assault on the French almost immediately proved the vulnerability and flawed defence of the French. The French supplies and weapons were flown in by plane; however, this usually led to the shelling of the aircraft. The Viet Minh used local peasants to bring in supplies and weaponry, through dense forests, an entry the French had written off as impassable. As source A suggests â€Å"The Army established a good relationship with the people and relied on the people to fight and defeat the enemy’. Giap used the element of surprise by skilfully employing supporting operations which deceived the French. Giap easily identified the French’s critical vulnerability and used their mistakes to his own advantage. The work of a great strategist. One crucial decision that Giap made was when he moved his own headquarters to the Dien Bien Phu battle site. This allowed him to personally oversee the conflict, and clear up confusion or misunderstandings straight away. General Giap was able to carefully dictate time and place engagements throughout his meticulously planned operation. The heavy

Information Retrieval Methods

Information Retrieval Methods Introduction The people attic trust is a complex storage and retrieval project featuring widely varying forms of media spanning several decades’ worth of information embedded in different forms of technological media.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Retrieval Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of them feature single modes of data storage while some contain many forms of media. Some of it is text, while a lot of it falls under the multimedia category. The challenge of organising it into retrievable formats and subsequently availing the information to a wide audience through an Information Retrieval mechanism is daunting. Fortunately, several tools already exist to tackle this kind of challenge. The primary goal of the project is to document the existence of the media, to describe them adequately and to make their future retrieval possible. This report focuses on the retrieval issues of t he project. It presents the range of options available for organising the retrieval system and, evaluates them, and finally recommends the most appropriate configuration for the system. Different types of IR systems Components of an Information Retrieval (IR) system An Information Retrieval system has four basic components. They are a database, a search mechanism, a language, and an interface to provide interaction between the user and the system. According to Chu (2005, p.15), databases â€Å"comprise information represented and organised in a certain manner†. In other words, a database is an organised storage system that allows for the searching of items in it using preset criteria. The search mechanism is the system that allows for the searching of the database for the retrieval of the information stored in it. The degrees of complexity of query methods applied vary depending on the technical capacity of the user accessing the database. The third component of an Informatio n Retrieval system is language, which can be either the â€Å"natural language or a controlled vocabulary† (Chu, 2005, p.16). Chu (2005, p.16) notes that, â€Å"information relies on language, spoken or written, when being processed, transferred, or communicated†. The final component of an Information Retrieval system is the user interface. This is the point of interaction between the user and the system. Its user friendliness will determine in many cases the propensity of users to apply it. More than anything else, it determines the usefulness and eventual success of an Information Retrieval system. Categorisation of items in attic Items in the attic are of various forms, which fall into four categories. There are text-based items, image based media, streamed media applications and multimedia applications. Text-based items use words as the basic mode of information storage. Text based media in this collection include poems, manuscripts for performance art, and newspap er clippings. Image based applications rely on picture elements to store information.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each picture element, called a pixel, has a different identity describing its color and its intensity, which when collectively combined with other pixels, describes a given image. Image based applications in the collection include, photographic materials held in CD-ROMs and hard drives, and 35mm film negatives. Others are paintings and old maps. These will require digitisation if they will be retrieved from a computerized Information Retrieval system. Streamed media applications are those that have a time component, necessary for the correct interpretation of the data. Distorting the timeline distorts the information in them. Streamed media applications available in the collection include the audio recordings like the music and sound clips in .wav and .mp3 format. Speech and music on audio cassettes and vinyl records also exist in the collection. These forms will require digitisation if they are to be made available to a wide audience. Finally, multimedia applications use a combination of media to present information. In the collection, multimedia applications include video in digital format, and on tape, and the reels of film. Text Based Retrieval Systems A text-based retrieval system will aid the retrieval of the text-based media in the collection. Some of the media rely on analogue technologies, which complicate storage in the media storage available to the public, who are intended beneficiaries of the project. The text-based materials found in the collection will require digitisation. The key advantage of text-based retrieval is that the technology is mature, and hence enjoys a great degree of format standardisation. It presents fewer compatibility problems between different types of software. Where this problem arises, numerous options f or conversion exist to allow retrieval in a desired format. Its weakness lays in its use of letters and words as the basic data storage and retrieval unit. So far, many of the retrieval methods available for text retrieval do not take into account the semantic elements of a query. They rely on word match, and hence most search systems may not return relevant content based on their meaning, but will return content that closely matches the phrase used as search query. Advanced systems allow for contextual search, which employ thesauri to identify words with closely related meanings, thereby improving the semantic elements of a search. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Retrieval Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: Multimedia information retrieval system architecture Multimedia Retrieval Systems On the other hand, multimedia retrieval systems use different means of identifying information that match a search query. A multimedia Information Retrieval system will comfortably handle search queries for image-based applications and for streamed media applications. Multimedia search queries employ elements usable for each of the image-based applications and streamed media applications. Multimedia Information Retrieval is still relatively young. It has many compatibility problems owing to the different formats used for presentation of media type of the same nature. For instance in the collection, there are .wav and .mp3 files, which are all audio formats. The reason for this is that there is greater functionality derived from each type of new format. The newer formats regularly lack backward compatibility. They main constraints that drive the use of different formats include maximisation of storage space, or preservation of media quality. However, the design of many media players for streamed media applications and for image-based applications takes into account these constrain ts. They regularly include capacity to handle different media types and a format inter-conversion facility. The crux remains having the latest version of a media player, which will be able to present the latest file formats. Requirements for an IR system Comparison of Requirements for Text Based IR Systems and Multimedia IR Systems Retrieval systems require a means to identify the information source, which a search mechanism can latch on to in order to identify the media from a database. This is about as far as the similarity between the two types of retrieval systems go. Text based Information Retrieval system rely on matching the text in the files to the search query in the database to identify a document, while multimedia Information Retrieval systems rely on a range of elements to identify relevant media carrying the required information. This includes text elements such as an assigned name for the media in the database. It is possible to search for a film from a database using the film name, on condition that the name is on the file carrying the film. Other locators for multimedia files include duration of media and file format of the media. These are useful in narrowing down a search query. Main Solutions Available to Designers of IR System The availability of searchable information from the attic trust is dependent on the digitisation of all records currently in the collection, and to some degree, the standardisation of formats to ease retrieval. There will be need to either type or by using scanning software, to digitise the text-based items in the collection. Typing will allow for a greater degree of freedom in the presentation of the information because it will make formatting possible to achieve the best possible output for users. It will however lead to a loss of authenticity since the items are antiques, and their appeal remains in appearing in their original format. For users seeking information for semantic purposes, reformatted presentation wil l meet their needs best because of better presentation.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who are seeking the information for sentimental purposes will best appreciate the original presentation. To retain the original look, a digitised image of the text will provide the best option. The quickest way to achieve this is through scanning without text recognition. This will actually transform the material into an ‘image’ presenting text, and not pictures. The implication is that text retrieval methods will not apply. Preservation of the rest of the information will also require digitisation. The most crucial factor is the format to use in the process. Conversion technologies from tape to digital data exist for both audio and video tapes. The storage of physical artifacts like the sculptures for mass presentation will require the taking digital pictures for storage in the database. Another option is the presentation of three-dimensional representations through animation of the photos, or making short films of the objects, which adds the possibility of addin g sound clips. Animation allows for greater user interaction while filming allows for the addition of details through voice, enriching the experience. Again, the format to apply depends on the nature of user. For the arts lover, an animated clip over which he can exercise control over the image to get desired views will be suitable. For the inquisitive semantic user, a video clip with a sound clip giving background information on the artifact will be ideal. As Jalal (2001, p.6) observes, â€Å"Speech can introduce, give summary, stimulate, and tell†. Audio data presents the fewest presentation challenges since the auditory experience does not vary much between users. Provided the data presentation takes on a widely accessible format, there should be no major technical challenges. Different Methods of Representation There are two key types of Information Retrieval systems. Belkin (n.d.) identifies them as, â€Å"retrospective or ad-hoc† and, the second type, â€Å"Info rmation filtering or routing†. Retrospective systems fulfill one time information needs which taper off after meeting the need. These include information from e-books, news articles, online magazines, or information websites. Information filtering includes those accessed regularly because they have high utility levels. These include websites with changing information such as weather patterns, stock prices and maps services. There are some key issues to consider when setting up the database based on the methods available for representation. The issue of what language to use across the database is critical. Two ways of approaching language exist. One of them is to use natural language of the users, which forms the basis for the search queries, while the second approach is to use a controlled vocabulary. If the trust adopts natural language for the Information Retrieval system, then users will have an easier time interacting with the database since they do not have to learn the c ontrolled vocabulary of the database. They will however be faced with ambiguity and irrelevance problems. If the trust adopts a controlled vocabulary, users will first have to learn the language after which they will have better results for their search queries. Tedd et al. (2005 p.39) stresses that, â€Å"it is necessary for users to have the requisite skills to obtain relevant information quickly and effectively†. There will be need to use indexing across the database. This involves assigning words or specific phrases to each item in the database. The trust may use descriptors of free indexing depending on whether the language adopted is the natural language of the users, or a controlled vocabulary. Categorisation will involve developing categories for all the items in the collection. Chu (2005) proposes that useful categories must be â€Å"exhaustive† (p.29) and â€Å"mutually exclusive† (p. 29). This means that all items in the collection must have an assign ed category and that no two categories should have an area of overlap. Techniques for summarisation improve the query function for text-based applications. It involves providing a user with brief information relating to a body of text. The techniques include the use of abstracts, summaries, or extracts. Abstracts provide the readers with a broad view of the text and can act as a substitute for the text. It only lacks in detail. A summary assumes that the reader will read the whole document so it excludes portions such as background, the methodology, and purpose. An extract on the other hand is an actual piece of the document, cut out to provide a snapshot of an actual portion of the document. Each of these methods has their advantages and their challenges and applies in different circumstances. Querying refers to the interrogation of a database using a language. Nordbotten (2008) says, â€Å"Query language will always provide specification of the selection criteria for the desired information for the remaining processes† in the information retrieval process. The key aspect for designing a query system is to determine the degree of semantic querying necessary for ideal user experience. Challenges include the management of synonyms, which might require processing of the query, hence reducing speed of the system, and increasing the design and management costs. A simplified query system that matches input to metadata and similar phrases provides large volumes of output giving the user a more difficult time in sifting through the data, which may compromise user experience. Use of metadata, can potentially improve search results as it expands the possible ways of accessing a document. Implications of Using IR systems The most appropriate system for the project will include two sections. One of them is preservation of the physical artifacts that contain the information that requires preservation in a museum. The second section is the development of a digital l ibrary or digital museum that will enable users from different parts of the world interested in the trust’s activities to interact with the materials. Arms (2001, p.4) points out that, â€Å"a digital library brings the information to the user’s desk, either at work or at home†. The most appropriate Information Retrieval system will be one that uses natural language, since the trust targets a worldwide audience, as opposed to a limited vocabulary system. Keywords in the process assist in refining queries. The trust should also prefer to use methods of storage that will present the artifacts in their natural condition since this is the main appeal in viewing artifacts. Later on, the trust may consider storage methods applicable to semantic users who are seeking meaning, especially for educational purposes out of the information. In particular, the trust needs to digitise its entire collection. This involves conversion of audio files to multiple digital formats.mp 3 format will be useful if the objective is to conserve storage space. It is also widely playable on most media players. Figure 2: Accessing a Digital library (Techweb, n.d). Discretion will be required for text-based media. Some of them will require preservation in digital format by scanning with text recognition, to allow formatting. This will apply to manuscripts and poems. Others may be stored as images though scanning without text recognition. These include the newspaper clippings and poems. Digital photographs of physical artifacts such as sculptures will aid the development of animated collections. This is easier to handle compared to multimedia items. The multimedia items in the collection will require widely varying file formats for effective retrieval. The option of developing a unique media player for the trust requires consideration. This will solve the compatibility problems in the interim because it will use a single format and will potentially reduce administration c osts. Reference List Arms, W. Y., 2000. Digital Libraries. USA: MIT Press. Belkin, J. N., n.d. User Modeling in Information Retrieval. New Jersey: Rutgers University. Web. Chu, H., 2003. Information Retrieval and Presentation in the Digital Age. NewJersey: Information Today, Inc. Jalal S.K., 2001. â€Å"Multimedia Database: content and structure†. Workshop on Multimedia and Internet Technologies. Documentation Research and Training Centre, Bangalore. Web. Kang, K., 1999. Development of a Multimedia Information Retrieval Architecture with Integrated Image Information Retrieval Technique, digital image, Multimedia Technical lab, Korea Telecom. Web. Nordbotten, J. C. 2008. Multimedia Information Retrieval Systems. Web. Techweb. n.d. Accessing a digital library. Digital image, R.V. College of Engineering. Web. Tedd L.A., Large A., Large J.A., 2005. Digital Libraries: principles and practice in a global environment. Mà ¼nchen: K.G.Saur Verlag GmbH.

Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution

Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution The Siege of Charleston took place from March 29 to May 12, 1780, during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and came about after a change in British strategy. Shifting their focus to the southern colonies, the British first captured Savannah, GA in 1778 before mounting a major expedition against Charleston, SC in 1780. Landing,  Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton conducted a brief campaign that drove American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln back into the Charleston. Conducting a siege of the city, Clinton compelled Lincoln to surrender. The defeat resulted in one of the largest single surrenders of American troops and created a strategic crisis in the South for the Continental Congress. Background In 1779, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton began making plans for an attack on the Southern colonies. This was largely encouraged by a belief that Loyalist support in the region was strong and would facilitate its recapture. Clinton had attempted to capture Charleston, SC in June 1776, however the mission failed when Admiral Sir Peter Parkers naval forces were repulsed by fire from Colonel William Moultries men at Fort Sullivan (later Fort Moultrie). The first move of the new British campaign was the capture of Savannah, GA. Arriving with a force of 3,500 men, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell took the city without a fight on December 29, 1778. French and American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln laid siege to the city on September 16, 1779. Assaulting the British works a month later, Lincolns men were repulsed and the siege failed. On December 26, 1779, Clinton left 15,000 men under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen in New York to hold General George Washingtons army at bay and sailed south with 14 warships and 90 transports for another attempt on Charleston. Overseen by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, the fleet carried an expeditionary force of around 8,500 men. Armies Commanders Americans Major General Benjamin LincolnCommodore Abraham Whipple5,500 men British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clintonrising to 10,000-14,000 men Coming Ashore Shortly after putting to sea, Clintons fleet was beset by a series of intense storms which scattered his ships. Regrouping off Tybee Roads, Clinton landed a small diversionary force in Georgia before sailing north with the bulk of the fleet to Edisto Inlet approximately 30 miles south of Charleston. This pause also saw Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and Major Patrick Ferguson go ashore to secure new mounts for Clintons cavalry as many of the horses that had been loaded in New York had suffered injuries at sea. Unwilling to attempt forcing the harbor as in 1776, he ordered his army to begin landing on Simmons Island on February 11 and planned to approach the city by an overland route. Three days later British forces advanced on Stono Ferry but withdrew upon spotting American troops. Returning the next day, they found the ferry abandoned. Fortifying the area, they pressed on towards Charleston and crossed to James Island. In late February, Clintons men skirmished with American forces led by Chevalier Pierre-Franà §ois Vernier and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion. Through the rest of the month and into early March, the British wrested control of James Island and captured Fort Johnson which guarded the southern approaches to Charleston harbor. With control of the southern side of the harbor secured, on March 10, Clintons second in command, Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, crossed to the mainland with British forces via Wappoo Cut (Map). American Preparations Advancing up the Ashley River, the British secured a series of plantations, such as Middleton Place and Drayton Hall, as American troops watched from the north bank. While Clintons army moved along the river, Lincoln worked to prepare Charleston to withstand a siege. He was aided in this by Governor John Rutledge who ordered 600 slaves to construct new fortifications across the neck between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. This was fronted by a defensive canal. Only possessing 1,100 Continentals and 2,500 militia, Lincoln lacked the numbers to face Clinton in the field. Supporting the army were four Continental Navy ships under Commodore Abraham Whipple as well as four South Carolina Navy vessels and two French ships. Not believing he could defeat the Royal Navy in the harbor, Whipple first withdrew his squadron behind a log boom which protected the entrance to the Cooper River before later transferring their guns to the land defenses and scuttling his ships. Though Lincoln questioned these actions, Whipples decisions were backed by a naval board. In addition, the American commander would be reinforced on April 7 by the arrival of Brigadier General William Woodfords 750 Virginia Continentals which raised his total strength to 5,500. The arrival of these men was offset by British reinforcements under Lord Rawdon which increased Clintons army to between 10,000-14,000. The City Invested Having been reinforced, Clinton crossed the Ashley under the cover of fog on March 29. Advancing on the Charleston defenses, the British began constructing siege lines on April 2. Two days later, the British constructed redoubts to protect the flanks of their siege line while also working to pull a small warship across the neck to the Cooper River. On April 8, the British fleet ran past the guns of Fort Moultrie and entered the harbor. Despite these setbacks, Lincoln retained contact with the outside via the north shore of the Cooper River (Map). With the situation rapidly decaying, Rutledge escaped the city on April 13. Moving to completely isolate the city, Clinton ordered Tarleton to take a force to sweep away Brigadier General Isaac Hugers small command at Moncks Corner to the north. Attacking on at 3:00 AM on April 14, Tarleton surprised and routed the Americans. After the fighting, Vernier was killed by Tarletons men despite asking for quarter. It was the first of several brutal actions taken by Tarletons men during the campaign. With the loss of this crossroads, Clinton secured the north bank of the Cooper River when Tarleton joined with Lieutenant Colonel James Websters command. This combined force advanced down the river to within six miles of the city and cut off Lincolns line of retreat. Understanding the severity of the situation, Lincoln called a council of war. Though advised to continue defending the city, he instead elected to parley with Clinton on April 21. In the meeting, Lincoln offered to evacuate the city if his men were permitted to depart. With the enemy trapped, Clinton immediately refused this request. Tightening the Noose Following this meeting, a massive artillery exchange ensued. On April 24, American forces sortied against the British siege lines but to little effect. Five days later, the British began operations against the dam that held the water in the defensive canal. Heavy fighting began as the Americans sought to protect the dam. Despite their best efforts, it was nearly drained by May 6 opening the way for a British assault. Lincolns situation further worsened when Fort Moultrie fell to British forces under Colonel Robert Arbuthnot. On May 8, Clinton demanded that the Americans unconditionally surrender. Refusing, Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for an evacuation. Again denying this request, Clinton began a heavy bombardment the following day. Continuing into the night, the British pounded the American lines. This, coupled with the use of hot shot a few days later, which set several buildings on fire, broke the spirit of the citys civic leaders who began pressing Lincoln to surrender. Seeing no other option, Lincoln contacted Clinton on May 11 and marched out of the city to surrender the following day.   Aftermath The defeat at Charleston was a disaster for American forces in the South and saw the elimination of the Continental Army in the region. In the fighting, Lincoln lost 92 killed and 148 wounded, and 5,266 captured. The surrender at Charleston ranks as the US Armys third largest surrender behind the Fall of Bataan (1942) and Battle of Harpers Ferry (1862). British casualties before Charleston numbered 76 killed and 182 wounded. Departing Charleston for New York in June, Clinton turned over command at Charleston to Cornwallis who quickly began establishing outposts across the interior. In the wake of the citys loss, Tarleton inflicted another defeat on the Americans at Waxhaws on May 29. Scrambling to recover, Congress dispatched the victor of Saratoga, Major General Horatio Gates, south with fresh troops. Rashly advancing, he was routed by Cornwallis at Camden in August. The American situation in the southern colonies did not begin stabilize until the arrival of Major General Nathanael Greene that fall. Under Greene, American forces inflicted heavy losses on Cornwallis at Guilford Court House in March 1781 and worked to regain the interior from the British.

Sexual disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexual disorder - Essay Example Applying the Axis I-V diagnoses, the husband’s condition can be adequately diagnosed as an effect or symptom resulting from an Axis I disorder, more specifically, an anxiety disorder-stress-not specifically specified (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). However, for this case, the husband may be experiencing erectile dysfunction as a result of work-related stress because, according to his spouse, he was apparently fired from work because of watching pornography. Additionally, the husband may be experiencing stress as a result of his academic commitments. According to DSM-IV-TR classification, erectile dysfunction (disorder)-the recurrent or persistent inability for a male to erect or be able to maintain an adequate, continuous erection-is classified as an arousal disorder. It causes interpersonal difficulty, anxiety, and distress. DSM-IV-TR codes the husband’s condition as a 607.84 Male Erectile Disorder resulting from psychological conditions including stress, and anxiety (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This disorder is not as a result of a medical condition or any physiological effects resulting from a medication or drug abuse. Despite being attributed to Axis I disorders such as stress and anxiety, it may not be the case in many scenarios. This is because, in some instances, male erectile dysfunction can be attributed to factors such as guilt, indifference, or physical conditions such as problems with nerves or blood vessels (Hersen & Beidel, 2012). In order to make an accurate diagnosis, I will need to know, from the client-the husband and the wife-when the erectile dysfunction began. I would want to know how they handled the situation when it happened, especially, the wife. Did she think less of her husband? Did she encourage him? I will need the husband to explain why he watches pornographic

Application of Information Technology in Health Care Essay

Application of Information Technology in Health Care - Essay Example It is good to embrace technology, but the question of ethics reminds us to evaluate fully its repercussions to general welfare of humankind. New technologies are beneficial if used in the right way. However, sometimes they can be a source of human suffering. Gabrielle Olivera (2005) points out that, the use of Radio Frequency Identification dates back in1940s. VeriChip was used for security purposes and tracking of livestock. Gabrielle Olivera continues to elaborate on the modern uses of chips such as, tagging of medical bottles, packaged foods, rental cars, and drivers licenses. Implantation of chips into human body has sparked debates among human rights activist and other organizations (Tavani, 2009). This is controversy, which remains unresolved to date. This paper seeks to compare the pros and cons regarding the use of chip technology in Medical Record System. The paper attempts to raise legal and ethical awareness of the technology in question. It will use evidence-based argumen ts to compare the pros and cons of Electronic Health System in order to declare my stand on this matter. It will finally provide recommendations and conclusion based on the weight of the cons and pros. Implantation of chips to human is not new in the field of medicine. Installation of pacemakers prolongs the lives of patients. Goran Hermeren, the chairperson on European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, carried out a research on implantation technology in 2005. In his report, to the European Commission, he highlights that the usage of implantable chips dates back to 1960s. He lists some examples such as cardiovascular pacemakers used in heart failure patients and cochlear implants, which aid in signal transmission to the ear. It is evident from this report that chips have restored human capabilities. However, it is necessary to compare the benefits of electronic implants on one hand and the risks on the other hand. These are pros and cons. Some of the pros of Electron ic Health Records include its usage during an emergency. Glaser and Salzberg (2011), reveals that the electronic health records play an important role during this time. This is because the patients do not have their health records with them and therefore Electronic implants acts as a source of reference. In addition, they are unconscious and there fore cannot give their personal details. In such cases, Electronic Health Records provide patients’ health information. They give useful information such as the patients’ health history there fore save lives. During disasters and natural calamities, they are sources of useful information. It is clear that Electronic Health Records inform of implants achieve highest degree of accuracy. Patients may forget to provide some important facts of their health history. For example, they may have some allergies to certain medicines and failure to give this information brings disaster to their health. On the other hand, opponents of the electronic health records cite their unresolved issues concerning respect for fundamental rights to oppose its adoption in the health sector. To begin with, these chips lack insurance covers. Hammaker (2010) depicts that manufactures of chips do not assume responsibility in case of any danger that may arise from their usage. Some these implants are quite expensive and it is unfair to compel patients to have them in their bodies. The technology violates human dignity. Insertion of implants is violation of human dignity. Security issues are also matters of great concern. Tavani (2009) notes that patients are not ready lose their identity to a third party. Moreover, Health Record implants can cause electrical hazards, which can result into death of patients. This

Foundations of Biblical Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foundations of Biblical Principles - Assignment Example They should also give their beliefs primacy in their lives, and should endeavor to understand the nature of their beliefs. According to the author, knowledge may be gained through seeing or acquaintance, believing and having utter confidence and certainty in it. The latter is what people should strive towards. Moreland (2007) also states that Christian knowledge expands through deliberate efforts to improvements. People need to make yearly plans to stretch their faiths, read more books and share with others the works of faith in their lives.Principle #14 states that â€Å"Each person builds, starting even in the womb, an internal model of the world.† (Cox n.d. p 1) Everyone perceives their environment in a certain way regardless of age. Luke 1:44 states that baby John rejoiced in the womb when Mary, the mother of Jesus visited his mother. Therefore, educators must cultivate a sense of biblical truth in students regardless of their age (Ledbetter, 2003). I have found that Princ iple #33 is quite useful in expounding the centrality of a biblical worldview. It states that â€Å"People respond to the world by way of their internal mode of the world rather than via how the world really might be.† (Cox n.d. p 3)This principle focuses on how human beings reason. A person’s perception of reality mostly depends on their internal worldview. Christian educators ought to strive to learn Christ’s mind (Wilson, 1991). Extreme familiarity with it leads to a type of knowledge defined by Moreland as know—how.

Changes to Crime Rates in the UK

Changes to Crime Rates in the UK Crime has devastating consequences to the economic and social dimensions of any country. Unfortunately despite increased efforts to fight crime halting it seems to be impossible. Slack (2009) points out that official crime figures indicate that the country has the worst rate essentially for all types, or categories of violent crimes when compared to the United States and other countries that appear on the list of the most dangerous countries in the world. Hicks and Allen (1999, 5) indicate that the figure of homicides which include offences of manslaughter, murder and infanticide have doubled since 1960s however, the state that recorded crime fell considerably in the 1990s. They assert that the rising trend of crime that was reported began in 1954 seemingly declining starting 1992 when reported crime peaked. Nonetheless the British Survey reports show the 1990s estimates of unreported crime as standing at fifty six percent and thus making it unclear whether there was indeed a decline in the 1990s. Additionally the rate of crime might have not reduced since statistics show that the average prison population has been increasing since 1940s to approximately sixty five thousand in 1998. Nonetheless the police insist that the crime rates have been declining over the years starting that they did peak in 1995 but have steadily reduced since especially due to government efforts. Home office (2008) statistics also indicate crime rates peaked in 1995 but have since dropped by 42 percent. In 2009 police reports show that crime decreased by five percent when compared to 2007/2008 rates while BCS reports show no significant change in the rates. NIMS (2008) are however of the idea that the overall crime rates have been decreasing over the past few years although some years have experienced slight increases in the rates. In general from the reports it can be concluded that on average the rates of crime have slightly decreased. On the most recent figures, what percentage of all crimes recorded by the police do the following constitute: Murder? Rape? Theft? Car theft? 2008/09 provisional data by the police show 648 occurrences of homicide. This is the lowest recorded figure in the last twenty years. Attempted murders, whose figure stood at 621 in 2007/2008 decreased by approximately forty six incidences or seven percent in 2008/2009. While there was a decline in the homicide offences that involved sharp instruments by approximately 18 incidents, attempted murders that involved knifes rose from approximately 245 to 271 incidents. Generally, of all crimes that the police recorded in the period 2008/09 murder accounted for less than two percent of them. Police records also show that while sexual offences recorded a 4 percent drop women rape increased by 12,000 cases which translates to five percent. Additionally car theft accounted for thirteen percent of all the crimes committed in 2008/09 (Home Office 2009, 16). On the most recent British Crime Survey figures, what is the most commonly experienced form of crime? According to Home Office (2009, 16), British Crime Survey statistics present property crime as the most common misdemeanor experienced by individuals. Property crime accounts for nearly eighty percent of the crimes that were recorded by BCS. Nevertheless this current figure is still lower since the high or peak point in 1995. What is meant by clear-up rates? Tarling (2008, 148) explains that while crime rate refers to the total figure of crimes that the police recorded per 100,000 people, clear up rate is described as the percentage of crime recorded that is solved or detected by the police. Home Office (2009, 131) clarify that the clear up rates may not be definitive indicators or measures of the police investigative performance and thus need to be evaluated or interpreted with care. Give examples of variations in clear up rates between crime categories. What reasons might be given for these variations? According to Home Office (2009, 131) just like in the previous years there was a variation in the clear up rates for the distinct crime types in 2008/09. For instance there was a 95% clear up rate for drug offences but 11% for vehicle offences. Additionally while the clear up rates for burglary stood at thirteen percent, criminal damage rates stood at 14%, robbery at 21%, fraud and offences at 28%, sexual offences 31% and violence against persons 47%. One of the main reasons that have been given for these differences is the nature of crime. For instance drug offences which record the highest rate are easy to clear since they are relatively straightforward to handle; to deal with an offender in possession of such substances a warning may simply be issued to the delinquent. However the rates are much lower in offences against vehicles or burglary since the offences typically come to light much later or days after they have been committed and the offenders have disappeared from the crime scene. Crime mix and the methods that are put into use by the police to detect the various offences can also lead to a variation in the clear up rates. What is the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS) and why is it important? The NCRS provides general rules and regulations for recording offenses and has been approved and adopted by police forces since 2002 in England and Wales. It requires that all incidents reports whether from witnesses, third parties or victims and whether crime linked or not need result in an incident report registration. The NCRS represents the government attempt to overcome crime recording variations and provide accuracy and consistency in data entry between police divisions and forces. It is also important since it is meant to provide reliable data that is used to measure and compare police divisions and forces performance creating room for improvements (Hallam 2009, 38-41). NCRS also allows a crime recording approach that is victim oriented allowing the forces to fairly serve the populace. Which groups in the population are most at risk of becoming victims of violent crime? The general characteristics of adults that are susceptible or are most at risk of being violent crimes victims has not changed over the years. Essentially the overall risk of one becoming a violent crime victim in the period within 2008/09 was reported as being approximately 3%. Reports also indicate that males were twice as likely as women to become victims of violent crimes. According to the BCS survey the figure for men that had fallen victim to such crimes a year before the analysis stood at about 4 percent compared to 2% for women. Therefore the risk is highest for men than women. In addition risk of facing violent crimes for men decreased as their ages increased. Risk levels were found to be less than 1% for men that were sixty five years and older while those aged between sixteen and twenty four had a risk calculated at 13%. Similar trends were observed in females although the risk rates differed, with those between sixteen and twenty four facing a risk of about 5%. The unempl oyed people risk of becoming victims to such crime stood at 7.6 percent while that of the employed people was recorded at approximately 3%. Unmarried males and females (7.6 percent), students (8.6 percent) and individuals with mixed ethnicity (7 percent) also showed a higher than average risk of becoming violent crimes victims (Home Office 2009, 47). In terms of age and gender, which groups in the population are most likely to be known as  offenders? Offenders are likely to be young and male in terms of gender. In half of the reported violent crimes the offenders were believed or found to be between sixteen and twenty four years of age. Additionally from eighty percent of the incidents male offenders were found to be the main culprits as compared to fourteen percent for their female counterparts. The probability of males committing crime was in fact higher for all crimes. As age increased it became less likely that individuals would commit an offense. While individuals between 16 and 24 had a 55% chance, those between 25 and 39 had a thirty percent chance while those that were forty years and older had a 13 percent chance of committing crime (Home Office 2009, 70). Compared with other countries, is the crime rate in England Wales high, low, or average? Reports by the United Nations and the European Union indicate that the UK has been ranked second based in terms of overall crime rates in the EU, with higher percentages of homicides than those in Italy, German, Spain and France (Slack, 2009). Furthermore the UK is fourth in burglary rates and fifth in robbery rates when compared to most of the western European countries. The UK basically records the highest absolute burglary figure in the EU actually with double the total number of offenses that are recorded in France and Germany. Moreover Britain has been named as the most violent nation in the EU. According to Slack (2009) there are 2034 offenses occurring in every 100, 000 people in the UK, Austrias figures stands at 1677, US 466, South Africa 1609 and Canada 935. The crime rate is therefore generally high when compared with the other countries (Slack, 2009). In comparison with other jurisdictions, is the use of imprisonment in England Wales low, high or average? The proportion or percentage of the population that is imprisoned in any country varies with the conviction rates, crime rates, prison sentences length and tendency to issue prison sentences as opposed to community service or fines. Despite the declining crime rates in the UK imprisonment rates have steadily increased leading to overcrowding in prison facilities. When compared to Japan, Australia, Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Belgium, Austria, France, Spain and Canada the use of imprisonment in the UK is high (US BJS, 2005). Nonetheless when the compared to the United States, Singapore and Portugal, England and Wales use of imprisonment is average. According to BBC (2005) in every population of 100,000, 726 were in prison in the US, 142 in the UK and 58 in Japan in the year 2005.